Accession Number

2011.004.0001

Description

This silver ingot was being shipped on the galleon Atocha by J. Lopez de Arguinsano on the account of a person named Castaneda. Arguinsano’s stylized “AR” mark with a diamond above is prominent on the face. Another much more elaborate mark might have been Castaneda’s. A central “scoop” on the face of the ingot is a characteristic of ingots produced at Potosí. The scoop was made by the assayer when he sampled the silver to determine the ingot’s purity. A set of small Roman numerals reads IIUCCCLXXX, showing the silver was 2380 parts pure silver of 2400. The bar is also stamped with the larger Roman numeral IUCCCVI (1306), indicating it was the 1306^th bar produced at the Andean mining center in its year. Three shield-style tax stamps show the proper duties had been paid on the silver. A “V” in the corner of the face is the mark of Atocha silvermaster Jacobo de Vreder and an indicator that he registered the bar aboard the galleon. An unusual, well-struck “B” mark is of unknown significance.

Exhibition Label

Object/Case Caption (2023):

Ingots
Silver (Peru and Mexico, 1621)
Gifts of George Breed, Richard Bulman, Dr. Edwin and Jane Davis, Wayne Densch, Kim Fisher, Mel and Dolores Fisher, Joseph Hoffman, Jamestown Inc., Norman Johnson, Demostines “Mo” Molinar, John Scott, Jerold B. Shapiro

1986.003.007, 1986.008.0065, 1986.008.1496-98, 1986.008.2290, 1987.004.0001, 1987.011.0001, 1987.021.0001-2, 1997.001.0001, 1997.002.0001-3, 1997.011.0015, 1999.016.0001, 1999.001.0001, 1999.007.0002, 2001.009.0006, 2001.014.0001, 2003.008.0001, 2004.004.0001, 2011.004.0001, 2019.005.0001

The millions of silver ingots successfully shipped to Spain were melted down to make coins or other items. Only those recovered from shipwrecks reveal details of the trade.

The Nuestra Señora de Atocha was carrying 1,038 silver ingots, most weighing about 70 pounds. Each one was assigned a serial number, then marked to show where it was mined and its purity. The largest single owner of the Atocha’s silver was King Philip IV, but nearly two-thirds of the cargo was being shipped by private individuals. To make sure that there were no mistakes during transport, owners marked their ingots with their logos. If they were shipping an ingot to someone else, they added that person’s logo too. Details were carefully recorded by the silver master on each galleon, who made sure that taxes and freight charges were paid on personal treasure.

[image: diagram]

1. Silver master’s stamp
2. Shipper’s logo
3. Purity mark
4. Tax stamp
5. Assayer’s scoop
6. Serial number
7. Receiver’s logo

This ingot was being shipped by A. de Aguirre to H. de Almonte. Their personal logos – a linked “AGE” and an “H3” – are marked on the face of the ingot, as are the circular, shield-style stamps that prove that the 20% tax was paid to the crown on the value of the silver. The large Roman numeral VUII, indicates it was the 5,002nd ingot produced in Potosi that year. The deep scoop in the middle of the ingot was made by the assayer when he sampled the ingot to determine its purity, which is specified by the Roman numerals IIUCCCLXXX, indicating that it was 2,380 parts pure silver out of 2,4000. Two Vs at either end are the marks of Nuestra Señora de Atocha silver master, Jacob de Vreder, showing that he registered the ingot as it came aboard the galleon.